ABSTRACT
To study the mechanism of polysaccharides from seeds of Vaccaria segetalis( PSV) in the treatment of bacterial cystitis through the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. The rat model of urinary tract infection was used and treated with PSV,and the urine and bladders were collected. The level of interleukin-10( IL-10) in rat urine was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA). Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expressions of sonic hedgehog( SHH) and NLRP3 inflammasome [NOD-like receptor thermoprotein domain 3( NLRP3),apoptosis associated speck like protein( ASC) and pro-caspase-1]. The expression of Toll-like receptor pathway was detected by RT-PCR. The death of 5637 cells induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli( UPEC) and lactate dehydrogenase( LDH) release were evaluated using live/dead staining. The results showed that in the rat bladder,the expressions of SHH,NLRP3 inflammasomes and Toll-like receptors were significantly up-regulated,and NLRP3 inflammasomes were significantly activated by UPEC infection. The administration with PSV could significantly increase the concentration of IL-10 in urine,inhibit the expressions of SHH,NLRP3 inflammasomes and Toll-like receptors in bladder,and inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. A large number of 5637 cells were dead after UPEC infection and caused LDH production. PSV could significantly inhibit the death of 5637 cells and the release of LDH. In conclusion,PSV could inhibit the expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor pathway,thereby mitigating the bladder injury.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Hedgehog Proteins , Inflammasomes/genetics , Interleukin-1beta , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Seeds , Urinary Bladder , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , VaccariaABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Chuankezhi injection on mouse model of pneumonia induced by influenza A (H1N1) FM1 strain. Method: ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, tamiflu control group (27.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) and Chuankezhi injection group (1.5 mL·kg-1·d-1). In the death protection experiment, mice were infected with 2×half lethal dose (LD50) of influenza virus FM1.The Chuankezhi injection was given once a day for 4 days. The number of death animal within 14 days was counted. The mortality and the death protection rate were calculated. In the treatment experiment, mice were infected with 0.8×LD50 of influenza virus, and the Chuankezhi injection was given once a day for 4 days. On the 5th day after the infection, the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in lung, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and vasopressin (AVP) in brain were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The viral load of influenza virus in lung was tested by Real-time PCR. In the pre-treatment experiment, mice were given Chuankezhi injection once a day for 5 days. 1 hour after the last treatment, mice were infected with 0.8×LD50 influenza virus. 4 days after the infection, the lung index, spleen index, thymus index, and viral load in lung tissue were calculated. Result: Compared with normal group, the IL-8, PGE2 content, lung index and viral load in the lung tissue of model group were significantly increased (P2, and the viral load of influenza(PPPPConclusion: Chuankezhi injection could effectively prevent the mouse model of pneumonia induced by influenza A (H1N1) virus. The mechanism might be related to the reduction of inflammation and inhibiting viral replication.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the effective dose range of Kaihoujian throat spray (for children) in treating acute pharyngitis and acute tonsillitis, in order to provide the reference for the usage and dosage in clinic. Method:A total of 160 juvenile SD rats were divided into 16 groups according to the body mass grade, namely normal group, model group, amoxicillin or ribavirin group, compound Yizhi Huanghua group and different doses of Kaihoujian (for children) groups. The different doses of Kaihoujian (for children) groups were divided into 12 treatment groups based on 2 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 4 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 6 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 8 sprays/time, 4 times/day, 2 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 4 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 6 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 8 sprays/time, 6 times/day, 2 sprays/time, 8 times/day, 4 sprays/time, 8 times/day, 6 sprays/time, 8 times/day, and 8 sprays/time, 8 times/day. Except for normal group, all of the remaining groups were included in three animal models, namely 5%ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis in rat, B type streptococcus haemolyticus-induced acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis in rabbit, and adenovirus-induced acute pharyngitis in mice. Then the optimal usage and dosage of Kaihoujian throat spray (for children) were evaluated based on pharyngeal lesion score and htoxylin eosin(HE) staining. Result:There were significant differences in pharyngeal and tonsil lesions between the model group and the normal group (PPPConclusion:The clinical usage and dosage of Kaihoujian throat spray (for children) in treating acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis were suggested to be 2 sprays/times, 6~8 times/day for 1~3 year-old children; 3~6 sprays/times, 6~8 times/day for 4~6 year-old children and 5~8 sprays/times, 6~8 times/day for 7~12 year-old children.
ABSTRACT
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus in children. It has a high incidence and can cause fatal complications such as pulmonary edema, myocarditis and aseptic meningitis, seriously threatening the health of children. At present, some core problems such as the pathogenesis of disease, the relationship between different genotypes of pathogenic viruses, the pharmacodynamic evaluation methods, and the antiviral mechanism of drugs are still unclear. The construction of disease animal models with simulation performance of human exposure is the key to solve the above problems. Researchers both at home and abroad have established a variety of animal models for HFMD, of which enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are most common and most widely used. Both EV71 and CA16 are enterovirus A in picornavirus family, so they have similarities in terms of pathogenicity, infection and replication characteristics, clinical symptoms caused by infection and immune response, but also have significant differences in age of susceptibility, method of infection, as well as neurotoxicity, clinical symptoms and signs, and degree of tissue and organ damage. Therefore, researchers shall select and establish proper animal models based on actual conditions, which is critical to the reliability of the results. In this paper, the different types of HFMD animal models established by EV71 and CA16 viruses were reviewed, especially on the species strains, virus strain types, infection methods, and characteristics of viral infections in each model, and the characteristics and clinical symptoms of HFMD induced by EV71 and CA16 were also investigated to provide reference for related research.